Yenziwe ngantoni iMascara?

Ngasemva kwenkangeleko nganye ye-lash edumileyo kukho umxube oyimfihlo—i-Mascara ethengisa amaphupha, hayi izinto ezimdaka. Ngaba ukulungele ukwenza uphawu lwakho lube lolona ludumileyo?

I-Mascara ifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iibhegi zokuthambisa, kodwa uninzi lwabathengi alukwazanga ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni ejikeleza ngaphakathi kuloo tyhubhu incinci. Kwabasunguli bebhrendi, kulapho ibali likhula khona. Iiwax, imibala, kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngefilimu azizo nje kuphela—zigqiba kwelokuba ingaba iileya zibukeka zibomvu okanye zibuhlungu na emini.

Ngokutsho kweStatista,imakethi yokuzilungisa amehlo yehlabathiifumene imali engaphezulu kwe-$21 billion ngo-2023. Imali eninzi, iishelufu ezirhabaxa.

Ukukhetha ifomula elungileyo kufana nokuphosa ukhokelo kwifilimu edumileyo: i-beeswax yedrama, i-carnauba ye-shine, i-vegan blends yexabiso elibalulekileyo. Ungayenzi kakuhle, kwaye abathengi bayakuphosa. Yenza kakuhle, kwaye i-mascara yakho iba ngumlinganiswa ophambili.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo zobuchule beMascara

➔Ulwahlulo lweWax: Izicatshulwa zendalo, i-polymer yokwenziwa, kunye nemixube ye-hybrid ichaza ukusebenza okungenazo izinto ezibangela ukuba umzimba ungabi na-allergies, ungabi na-smudge, kunye nokusebenza okunamandla.

➔IiWaxes ezibalulekileyo: I-bex yenyosi yokubamba ikhrimu, i-carnauba yokuzinza okukhazimlayo, i-candelilla yokutyibilika okulula kunye nokwahlula.

➔Iziseko zeFomula: I-oyile inika amanzi ixesha elide, i-oyile iqinisekisa ukuba iyahlanjwa kwaye ayigugi ngokukhawuleza.

➔Ukwenziwa kweVegan: Isebenzisa iioyile zezityalo, i-candelilla okanye i-carnauba yendalo, ii-arhente ezifakwe ifayibha, kunye nokupakishwa okuqinisekisiweyo yindalo.

➔Indawo yeMarike: Yenza imixube ukuze ijolise kwimarike enkulu, kwicandelo lobunewunewu, ukusetyenziswa kobungcali, abathengi abakwishumi elivisayo, okanye abathengi abajonga ngamehlo abuthathaka.

Zithini iiNdawo zokuHlela iMascara Wax?

I-Mascara ivakala ilula—swayipha nje uhambe—kodwa i-wax engaphakathi kwifomyula nganye ye-mascara ixela ibali elinzulu. Yahlula igama libe “masc-ara,” kwaye ufumana ingcamango: isakhiwo kunye nobugcisa. Ukusukaubuhle obucocekileyoukusuka kwi-mascara ukuya kwi-pro-grade lash mascara,ukhetho lwe-waxiimilo ziyaguga, zivakala, kwaye zivakala. Makhe sichaze indlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zewax ezichaza ngayo ukusebenza kwemascara yanamhlanje.

Iincindi zendalo zeWaxes zeefomula ezibangela ukuba umntu angabi namdla

Xa usakha i-mascara ethambileyo, ukukhetha i-wax kudla ngokulandela indlela ecacileyo:

Umthombo weWax

• Iinketho ezisekelwe kwizityalo ezifanaiiwax zendalokwayeiiwax ezivela kwizityalo
• Iinketho ezidumileyo:iwax ye-carnauba, enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-beeswax

Ukugxila kokuhambelana kolusu

• Yenzelwei-mascara engenazo izinto ezibangela ukuba umntu angabi naso isifoamabango
• Ifanelekile kwiamehlo abuthathaka
• Idla ngokudityaniswa neizithako eziphilayo

Izinto eziPhambili kwiFomula

• Ukubamba okulula ukunxiba i-mascara yemihla ngemihla
• Ukuchukumisa imivimbo ethambileyo, ukuqina okuncinci
• Indawo yobuhle ecocekileyo

Kwabaselula abasebenzisa izithambiso ezincinci, olu hlobo lwe-mascara luvakala lulula, luphefumla lula, kwaye alunamdla. Iimpawu ezifana neTopfeel Beauty zihlala zihlola iindlela zezityalo ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhulayo zezisombululo zokuhombisa ezithambileyo ngaphandle kokucaphukisa indawo yamehlo.

IiWaxes zePolymer ezenziweyo kwiMascara engangeni smudge

I-mascara yokusebenza ixhomekeke kwezobuchwepheshe. Umqolo wayo uquka:

A. Izixhobo ezingundoqo

1. Iiwax ezenziweyo
2. Phambiliiteknoloji yepolymer
3. Inkxaso ecwangcisiweyo evelaiwax ye-microcrystalline

B. Izongezo ezisebenzayo

• Unamandlaabenzi beefilimu
• Ikhuthaziweiyawakhaba amanziiipropati
• Yinyaniihlala ixesha elideyibhatale yonke

C. Iinjongo zokunxiba

• Ithembekilei-mascara engangeni msiamabango
• Ukubamba okugobileyo okuzinzileyo
• Ubunzulu bemascara emnyama enzulu

Le yindlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa i-mascara kwiimeko ezishushu neentsuku ezinde zomsebenzi.

Iingxube zeWax ezidityanisiweyo zokwandisa nokwandisa

Iifomyula ze-mascara ezixutywe kakuhle zidibanisa ezona zibalaseleyo kuzo zombini ihlabathi.

I. Isiseko seZakhiwo

• Ukuhlanganiswa kweiiwax ezixutyiweyokwaye ulumkileimixube yewax
• Ibhalansi phakathi kokuguquguquka nokubamba

II. Uyilo lweMpembelelo yeLash

1. Ikhuthaziwei-mascara ekhulisayouxinano
2. Yandisiwei-mascara eyolulayofikelela
3. Zibukhali ngakumbiinkcazo ye-lash

III. Izinto eziphucula ukusebenza

• Ithambileukuhlanganiswa kwefayibha
• Yenzelwe wenaiifomyula ezenziwe ngokwezifiso
• Nokuba ulayisha kwiindondo ze-mascara

Isiphumo? I-mascara ye-lash eyakha idrama ngaphandle kwe-clumps. I-Topfeel Beauty idla ngokuphucula le mixube ukuze idale imiphumo ye-mascara eqinileyo ngelixa igcina usetyenziso luhamba kakuhle kwaye kulula ukulusebenzisa.

IiWaxes zeMascara ezi-3 ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzazi

I-Mascara ivakala ilula, kodwa emva kwayo yonke i-lash swipe ethambileyo kukho ubuchuleikhemistri yewax. Kuyo nayiphi na ifomyula ye-mascara, i-wax igqiba ubunjani, ukubamba, kunye nembuyekezo. Ukuba uyayithanda i-mascara enesibindi, i-makeup yamehlo acocekileyo, okanye i-makeup ye-mascara ekumgangatho olandelayo, ezi wax zintathu zibaluleke ngaphezu kokuba ucinga.

I-Beeswax

Kwiimveliso ezininzi ze-mascara,I-Beeswaxisebenza njengomqolo othuleyo.

• Iindima eziphambili kwi-mascara:
  • Isebenza njengeyendalo i-emulsifier
  • Isebenza njengeisinyibilikisi
  • Yakha ithambileyoisithintelo esikhuselayo

Ulawulo lobume

• Inzuzo entle kwi-mascara evelisa ivolumu
• Ilungeleleneukunamathelaukuya kwiinkophe

Ukunyusa ukusebenza

• Ukuphuculainto evikela amanziamabango
• Iphucula ukubamba okuhlala ixesha elide

Isiphumo esibonakalayo

• Yongeza uxinanoubume
• Ixhasa ubunzulu bemascara emnyama nemdaka

Kwiimveliso ezifana neTopfeel Beauty, i-beeswax inceda ekudaleniifomula ye-mascaraIvakala ngathi ithambile kodwa izinzile ngaphakathi kwipakethe yetyhubhu. Isiphumo? Inkcazo ye-lash engenakuqina. Ayiyomi kakhulu. Ayityibilizi kakhulu. Ilungele ukuthambisa amehlo imihla ngemihla.

I-Carnauba Wax

I-Carnauba Waxivela kwiumthi wephalm, kwaye idume ngokumelana nobushushu.

Ixabiso eliphambili kwi-makeup ye-mascara:

• Indawo yokunyibilika ephezulu= isakhiwo esomeleleyo
• Isebenza njengeiarhente yokuqinisa
• Ukunyusaukuqina

Ukujonga ngokusondeleyo:

Ulwakhiwo

• Iyaphucukaayitshisi msiukunxiba
• Ukuphuculaiyawakhaba amanziukusebenza

Gqibezela

• Yenza iisiphelo esikhazimlayo
• Yongeza ukukhanya okukhazimlayo kwi-mascara ye-lash

I-engile yokhuseleko

• Ihlala icingelwai-hypoallergenickwiiklasi ezicociweyo

Kwimigca ye-mascara ye-premium eyenziwe yiTopfeel Beauty, i-carnauba wax igcina le fomyula izinzile kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo. Iilashes zihlala ziphakanyisiwe. I-curl ihlala ixesha elide. Akukho kunyibilika kwemini.

I-Candelilla Wax

ICendelilla Wax yiimvelaphi yezityaloethandwayo nedumileyoenye indlela ye-vegankwi-mascara yanamhlanje.

Kutheni abenzi befomula beyithanda:

• Ukuziva ulula
• Unamandlaiarhente yokubophaiipropati
• Inkxaso yefilimu eguquguqukayo

Iileya zokusebenza:

Isicelo

• Ivumelaukusetyenziswa okugudileyo
• Ixhasa ukwahlulwa kwemisipha ecocekileyo

Isenzo sefilimu

• Isebenza njengeukwenza ifilimuiwax
• Iphucula ukuguguleka ngaphandle kobunzima

Intuthuzelo

• Igcina i-mascaraekhaphukhaphu
• Yongeza ukuthambaukuguquguqukaemehlweni abuthathaka

Ukuze ufumane imigca yobuhle ecocekileyo, iTopfeel Beauty idla ngokudibanisa i-candelilla nezinye iiwax ukuze ilungelelanise i-mascara balance. Inzuzo ilula: ii-lashes ezichaziweyo, indawo engenabuhlungu, kunye namava e-mascara avakala elula, angaxinwa kakhulu.

I-Mascara Esekelwe kwiOyile Xa Ithelekiswa neManzi

I-Mascara iqhekeka ibe yi-Mas-cara: i-mas ukuze ufumane okungakumbi, i-cara ukuze ufumane ubuso. Yityhubhu encinci eguqula yonke imbonakalo. Ukusuka kwi-mascara emnyama yakudala ukuya kwi-makeup ecocekileyo ye-lash, ukukhetha ifomula efanelekileyo kutshintsha yonke into—ixesha lokunxiba, umoya, kunye nentuthuzelo.

I-Mascara Esekelwe kwiOyile

I-mascara esekwe kwioyile yenzelwe ukuba ibonakale inomdla kwaye iqine. Olu hlobo lwe-makeup ye-mascara luxhomekeke kuthungelwano oluqinileyo lwezithako ezibopha umbala kwiilaphu.

Ulwakhiwo oluPhambili

• Isiseko sesakhiwo
  • iiwaxukuze kube nobukhulu kunye nokubamba iimilo
  • iparafiniukwenza uboya obungangeni manzi
• Inkqubo yokuthomalalisa
  • iioyilekwayeioyile yemineraliukuze utyibilike kakuhle
  • i-lanolinukunciphisa ukuqhekeka
• Inkqubo yombala
  • Uxinano oluphezuluimibalaixhonywe kwiii-distillates zepetroleum
  • Ingqiqo yokusebenza
• Ukwenziwa kwefilimu
  • Iioyile zibopha ngewax
  • Imibala inamathela nzulu
• Iziganeko zeSiphumo seMsebenzisi
  • I-mascara engangeni manziisiphumo
  • Intlawulo enkulu yemascara emnyama
  • Ingubo egqunywe ixesha elide xa kushushu
• Izimonyo zeqonga
• Imicimbi yangaphandle
• Iintlobo zesikhumba esinamafutha

Iimpawu ezifana neTopfeel Beauty zilungelelaniswe kakuhle ukuze i-mascara ihlale inesibindi ingaguquki. Kuye nabani na ofuna i-lash drama enzima, le fomyula ye-mascara ayiphazamisi.

I-Mascara Esekelwe Emanzini

I-mascara esekwe emanzini igcina izinto zilula. Ivakala ilula, iphefumla lula, phantse incinci apho—kodwa isachaza yonke imivumbo.

Isakhelo sesithako

• Ulwelo olusisiseko
• Ihlanjululweamanzi

Abakhi beefilimu

• Iguquguqukayoiipolima
• Yendaloiintsini

Inkqubo yozinzo

• Ubumneneizihlanganisi
• Ithambileizixubisi
• Inqanaba elikhuselekileyoizithinteli

Isigaba sombala

• Kulungileimibala
• Ukuhamba Komsebenzi

Isicelo

• Ukusasazwa okuthambileyo
• Ukwahlukana kweengalo nemilenze

Ukunxiba imihla ngemihla

• I-mascara ekhaphukhaphu
• Ukuqhekeka okuncinci

Ukususwa

• Hlamba ngamanzi afudumeleyo
• Ilungele ukucoca okuthambileyo

Ukufaneleka kwabathengi

• Amehlo anovakalelo
• Ulutsha olufunda ukuzilungisa ubuso ngeempumlo
• Abathandi bobuhle obungenavumba

Olu hlobo lwe-mascara lufanele imihla yokuzilungisa yendalo. Ukuswayipha ngokukhawuleza i-mascara esekwe emanzini, kwaye iinkophe zakho zibukeka zintsha, zingaxinene kakhulu. I-Topfeel Beauty ikwaphuhlisa iindlela ze-mascara ezithambileyo ezigxile kwintuthuzelo ecocekileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ayizizo zonke ii-mascara ekufuneka zibe nzima ukuze zibonakale.

Yenziwa njani i-Vegan Mascara?

I-Mascara—edla ngokwahlulwahlulwa ngokuthi “mas” kunye “cara” kwimephu yamagama angundoqo obuhle—iphakathi kweyona nto iphambili ekuzilungiseni amehlo. Ukusuka ekugqumeni i-lash ecocekileyo ukuya kwimiphumo ye-mascara enesibindi, i-vegan mascara idibanisa isayensi yezityalo kunye ne-glam yemihla ngemihla ngendlela ekrelekrele kakhulu.

Ifomula Esisiseko: Amanzi kunye neeoyile zendalo

Umntu otya imifuno kuphelaI-Mascaraifomula iqala ngesiseko esilinganayo:

Isiseko soMbane

• Amanziisebenza njengeyona nto iphambiliisigaba samanzi, ukugcina i-mascara ithambile kwaye isasazeka.
• Ubuthambileyoizinyibilikisinceda ukusasaza imibala ngokulinganayo.
• Iyalungela ulusuiiarhente zokufumisathintela ukuvaleka kwemisipha ebuthathaka.

Inkqubo yeNkxaso yeLipid

• Ilulaiioyile zendaloukutshixa ngokuguquguquka.
• Iioyile ezisekwe kwizityaloezifana nejojoba okanye i-sunflower yongeza i-slip ngaphandle kobunzima.
• Ubumneneizihlanganisibopha ioyile namanzi zibe yikhrimu eqinileyo.

Ibhalansi yokusebenza

• Umlinganiselo wamanzi neeoyile ulawula ixesha lokomisa.
• I-emulsion ezinzileyo iqinisekisa ukuba i-lash mascara ayiqhekeki phakathi kosuku.

Ibali elifutshane? Ukuzilungisa kakuhle kwe-mascara kuqala ngesiseko esizinzileyo.

Ukukhethwa kweeWaxes ze-Organic, ezingenankohlakalo

Ukuze kulungiswe kwaye kugcinwe, i-vegan mascara itshintsha i-beeswax ukuze ifumane izityalo:

Abakhi beZakhiwo eziPhambili

• Iwax yeCarnaubakuphucula ukugcinwa kweenwele.
• Iwax yeCandelillayongeza ukuqina nokukhanya.
• Iwax yebran yerayisikuphucula ukuthamba.

Ukulungiswa Okucokisekileyo Kobume

• Iwax yamaqunubeithambisa ubulukhuni.
• Imixube yeiiwax zendaloyenza iifilimu eziguquguqukayo.
• Iqinisekisiweiiwax ezingenankohlakaloukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokufumana ulwazi ngendlela yokuziphatha.

Umgangatho wokuthobela imithetho

• Iqinisekisiweiiwax ezivela kwizityaloxhasa ukulebhelishwa kwezilwanyana ezitya imifuno.
• Ukulandeleka kuhambelana nemigangatho yobuhle obucocekileyo.

Kulapho i-mascara itshintsha khona ukusuka kwi-tint esisiseko ukuya kwi-lash drama yokwenyani.

Ukubandakanya ii-Arhente ezifakwe kwi-Fiber kunye ne-Volumizing

Abathandi be-mascara yevolumu bayayithanda le nxalenye.

Ukunyusa Ubude

• Ncinciimicu yeselilulosebambelela kwiinkophe.
• Yendaloimicuyolula iincam zeempumlo ngobuchule.

Ukuphucula Uxinano

• Iiarhente zokwandisa amandlayenza umsonto ngamnye ube mkhulu.
• Iguquguqukayoiipolymers ezisekelwe kwizityalozenza njengeabenzi beefilimu, ukusonga imivimbo ngokulinganayo.

Uzinzo kunye nombala

• Ikhuselekileizinto eziqinisa ukuqinathintela ukuqhekeka.
• Nzuluimibala yendalonika umvuzo onesibindi omnyama okanye omdaka.
• Ukulungisa imekoizinto zokuphucula imivumboxhasa ukuguguleka okuthambileyo.

Isiphumo? I-Mascara eyakha umaleko ngomaleko ngaphandle kokuziva ngathi ikrwada.

Ukupakishwa kweVegan kunye neSatifikethi se-Ecocert

I-mascara ecocekileyo ayipheleli nje ekusetyenzisweni kwefomyula.

Ukukhetha Izinto Eziphathekayo

• Iityhubhu ezenziwe ngeumxholo ophinda wasetyenziswa.
• Iikhephu ezisetyenziswayoukupakishwa okubolayoizinto.
• Iibhokisi eziqinisekiswe yi-FSC ezivelaizixhobo ezizinzileyo.

Imigangatho yokuziphatha

• Iqinisekisiweisiqinisekiso se-ecocert.
• Ibhalwe phantsiisiqinisekiso esingenankohlakalo.
• Ecacileyoukufumana ulwazi ngokuziphathaimigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukufaneleka kokusingqongileyo

• Ukuthobela imithetho yehlabathiimigangatho yokusingqongileyo.
• Iplastiki encitshisiweyo kwiukupakishwa kwe-veganuyilo.

Ngoko ke xa umntu ethatha i-mascara ye-vegan, ayipheleli nje kwii-eyelashes eziqinileyo. Imalunga nomoya wonke—ukusuka kwifomyula ukuya kwi-swipe yokugqibela.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Zeziphi iintlobo zewax ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwefomyula yeMascara?

Ubuntu be-mascara buqala ngesakhiwo sayo se-wax, kwaye ukhetho ngalunye lutshintsha indlela ezivakala ngayo nezihamba ngayo iinkophe.

1. Iiwax zemveliso yendalo
   • I-Beeswax: i-creamy bamba ukuze i-voluminous, ibambe imivimbo ethambileyo
   • I-Carnauba wax: iqondo lokunyibilika eliphezulu, igcina imibala emnyama okanye emnyama izinzile kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo
   • Iwax yeCandelilla: i-vegan, ukuchukumisa okulula kwamehlo abuthathaka
2. Iiwax zepolymer ezenziweyo
   • Khulisa ukuguguleka okungangeni manzi kunye nokungangeni kodaka
   • Xhasa imiphumo yokwandiswa kwefayibha ukuze isetyenziswe ngobuchwephesha
3. Iingxube ze-hybrid
   • Lungelelanisa ukuphakanyiswa okuguquguqukayo kunye nokunxitywa iiyure ezinde
   • Ilungele imarike enkulu kunye nemigca yecandelo lobunewunewu efuna intuthuzelo kunye nedrama

Inkqubo yewax eyakhiwe kakuhle inceda i-mascara ukuba isebenze ngokuzithemba njenge-eyeliner okanye isiseko—izinzile, icacile, kwaye ayilibaleki.

Iifomyula zeMascara ezisekelwe kwioyile kunye nezamanzi zinceda njani abasebenzisi abahlukeneyo?

Umahluko uvakala kwangoko xa intonga yokufaka ichukumisa imivimbo.

I-mascara esekwe kwioyile

• Imbuyekezo enzulu yemibala: umnyama, umnyama onzulu, uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Ukuthintela amanzi okuqinileyo kwiintsuku ezifumileyo okanye izibane zeqonga
• Ikhethwa ukusetyenziswa ngobuchwephesha nakwimicimbi emide
• Ivalwe rhoqo kwipakethe yetyhubhu eqinileyo

I-mascara esekwe emanzini

• Ubume obulula, obuguquguqukayo
• Ukususwa okulula; kuthambile ngakumbi kubantu abaselula
• Idla ngokuba yi-hypoallergenic, ayinavumba, kwaye ayina paraben
• Ifanelekile emehlweni abuthathaka kunye nokunxitywa imihla ngemihla

Enye yakha ubukho obuqinileyo; enye ithetha intuthuzelo. Indlela efanelekileyo yokuphila ibonisa indlela umntu ayinxibileyo.

Iphuhliswa njani kwaye iqinisekiswe njani iMascara ye-vegan kwiimarike zanamhlanje?

Ubuhle obucocekileyo abusekho mkhuba—buyimfuneko ebunjwe ziimpawu zabantu.

• Ukutshintsha i-beeswax nge-candelilla okanye i-carnauba wax

• Ukusebenzisa iioyile zezityalo eziphilayo kunye nezicatshulwa zendalo

• Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izithako ze-vegan azinankohlakalo kwaye azinabungozi.

• Umnikeloukupakishwa okwenziwe ngokwezifisongetyhubhu ephinda isetyenziswe okanye intonga yokusebenzisa i-eco

Isiqinisekiso someleza ukuthembana:

• Imveliso eqinisekisiweyo ye-ISO kunye ne-GMP ehambelana nemveliso
• Izithako ezivunyiweyo yi-FDAapho kufuneka khona
• Iileyibhile eziqinisekisiweyo zeHalal okanye ze-Ecocert zokusasazwa kwihlabathi liphela

Kwiimveliso ezivelisailipstick, intloni, isithunzi selihlookanyeisisekoUkulungelelanisa i-mascara nale migangatho kudala ubuwena obumanyeneyo nobunemilinganiselo yokuziphatha obuqondwa ngabathengi ngoko nangoko.

Iireferensi

• imakethi yokuzilungisa amehlo yehlabathi– pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / PMC
• ukhetho lwe-wax– cosmesandtoiletries.com / Izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinto zokuhlamba
• Iiwax ezenziweyo – cosmeticssandtoiletries.com / Izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinto zokuhlamba
• ikhemistri yewax– cosmesandtoiletries.com / Izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinto zokuhlamba
• I-Beeswax– peta.org / PETA
• into evikela amanzi– marketreportsworld.com / Iingxelo zeMarike kwiHlabathi
• I-Carnauba Wax– poth-hille.co.uk / Poth Hille
• Indawo yokunyibilika ephezulu– naturalpigments.com / Iimibala Zendalo
• enye indlela ye-vegan– alphawax.com / Alphawax
• [I-Carnauba wax](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/CarnaubaWax) – pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / PubChem
• Iwax yeCandelilla– multiceras.com / Multiceras
• [izicatshulwa zendalo](https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/waxes report 2014.pdf) – ams.usda.gov / USDA
• Izithako ezivunyiweyo yi-FDA– fda.gov / FDA